Building a sweat lodge is not particularly difficult, but careful consideration should be given to various details.
Choosing a Location and Sitting the Lodge
A quiet and secluded area is the obvious setting for a sweat lodge. Privacy is essential, yet the area must also be accessible. Once you have found the site, you must then choose where you wish to place the lodge itself.
The lodge doorways at the base of Spirit Mountain in the Black Hills face west. Most Sioux and Ojibwa sweat lodges face east or west, here in the land of down under Australia, the energies and direction are completely opposite! and are counter clock-wise.. But because of equal spiritual beliefs, the East is generally preferred, as it is the direction the sun rises in the East and is how we face the Creator every day of our lives here on this Earth.
But you must consider the terrain, location, and setting of the entire lodge area when selecting your lodge opening. In the interest of fire safety, you may have to select your fireplace area first. This will determine the direction of the opening for you, since lodges almost always face the fire.
Fire Safety
Fire safety is of extreme importance in selecting the lodge site and choosing the location of the fire pit. At times, fire pits may have to be dug deeper then what may seem necessary and their location will have to take advantage of windbreaks or shelter from the wind. Even if it is a calm day, assume that the wind could become a factor. Seldom is a sweat lodge built for only one evenings activity; because the men's is done first then the women's, if it is truly done in old tradition you NEVER mix the energies together, but they can be done the same day or evening. Therefore, always consider that high winds can come up during the time the fire is heating the rocks for a later ceremony and resulting sparks and drier conditions could result in a fire.
Heating the Rocks
Early on, the one who is "Fire Keeper" is responsible for assigning helpers if needed, for the 3-4 hour preparation before, the people are actually there.
Be sure the fireplace is far enough from the lodge so that the ceremony participants can have some privacy. Many times there will be two successive sweat ceremonies, and people usually wait their turn sitting around. Their conversations could be distracting to the ceremony, so it is customary that when the ceremony starts and the first round is called, there is to be ABSOULTE NO TALKING NOT EVEN WHISPERING! this is a must and cannot be ignored, or people will be removed from the area, or the whole ceremony will be stoped and all people will lose out of the event.
Rocks should be of limestone or granite, without significant cracks. Use rocks a little larger than a softball, or the size of a cantaloupe. Never use sandstone or other porous, water-absorbing-type stones. Wet sandstone can explode when heated in the fireplace. Lava rocks are probably the best rocks to use because they seem to retain their heat and also convey unusual images when they are heated to a red glow and are observed within the dark confines of the lodge.
Several hatchets, a shovel, and a pitchfork are useful tools for the fire and stone heating.
Building the Frame
If everyone pitches in, you can build a sweat lodge in three to four hours. All it takes is a knife, a hatchet, and a ball of string. The frame is usually made of willow, but bendable saplings that are sacred in tradition from the area is suggested.
The average size lodge will comfortably seat eight to twelve people. To estimate the size, first draw a circle two feet in diameter in the centre of the lodge site. This will be the rock pit that you will dig later. Sitting cross-legged, or if the lodge is larger than normal, one can sit with legs off to one side, on the ground facing the circle, and leave at least a foot or two between your knees and the centre circle’s outer edge. Place a stick with a string tied to it in the centre of the circle. Run the string a few inches behind your sitting position. The string serves as a radius for the lodge, and you can then draw the circumference on the ground. A nine foot diameter lodge will seat twelve people comfortably. A ten foot diameter lodge will seat fifteen to sixteen people. Remember, however, that a large lodge will be difficult to heat unless it is well insulated but is not impossible, just pile more blankets underneath the hides. Keep in mind your structure must be able to take the weight and heat.
Cut twelve saplings with a base approximately the size of a quarter or fifty cent piece. After the saplings have been brought to the lodge area, remove the branches and sharpen the bottoms. If you have selected willow, use the soft branches and leaves for the floor of the lodge. Place the sharpened ends into the ground at an equal distance around the drawn circumference, leaving an opening for the doorway. You may use a heavier pointed stake to make the holes for the saplings, or use a hunting knife if the ground is very hard.
Be sure the saplings are embedded deep enough into the ground so they hold firm when they are bent and tied together to form the domed frame. The bend of the sapling should allow for a large man to sit comfortably. Bind the saplings with twine string, or willow bark peeled in long strings.
To strengthen and reinforce the lodge, tie sapling cross braces horizontally to the upright saplings. While work is progressing on tying the saplings together, blankets can be placed on the floor for people to sit on. When placing the seating material, leave room (Totally away from or near the fire pit) so there will be no danger of anything catching fire from embers, or for the "Grand Father" rocks to be being brought into the lodge, usually a foot wide path from the doorway to the rock pit.
Covering the Sweat Lodge
The best method is to cover the frame with thick clean blankets, or canvas. The blankets or canvas provide heat and sound insulation and also block out all the light. The more blankets draped over the frame, the better the insulation, and the fewer rocks you will need. If it is colder weather, drafts will not penetrate inward. Use a thick blanket, deer hides, buffalo hide or several blankets for the doorway. For an adequate supply of blankets, ask each participant to bring two. To prevent blankets from sliding off the lodge, use twine or tie the corner of each blanket to the corner of a counter balancing blanket draped on the opposite side of the lodge. Then you put at least 20-30 deer hides or buffalo hides to finish covering the lodge. Especially a good thick one for the door.
Transporting the Rocks
The ceremony can begin when some of the rocks are glowing red. They are transported to the Sweat Lodge door to the 'Water Pourer" by way of long handle pitch fork, and passed to the 'Water Pourer' who removes them off the pitch fork with deer antlers to put into the inner fire pit. Note: At no time is the "Fire Keeper to pass the door way with their feet or body, this breaks the sacred and blessed seal of the Lodge and is forbidden.
The water pourer and conductor of the ceremony uses (2)deer antlers for the convenient tools for adjusting rocks around a fire and the long pitch fork for transporting them to the lodge.
You will also want to have several five gallon buckets of water full of water for safety and for dousing the fire when everyone is ready to leave the area. But first off, You will also need a wooden (not metal dipper) and a two to three gallon pail full of water for the water pourer for the splashing water onto the heated rocks.
Sweat lodges are easily constructed structures made of saplings bent together and tied with twine to form a half sphere. A pit is dug in the centre for heated rocks. The structure is covered with a tarp or blankets. In days past, hides of buffalo robes covered the frame. The earthen floor is strewn with sage, flat cedar, flowers, grass or reeds. Participants gather within the darkened interior to endure the steam generated by dippers of water poured over the hot stones. Inipi is the Sioux term for the sweat lodge.
While the sweat lodge itself is simple to describe, it is impossible to convey the ultimate culmination of spiritual expression of the Sweat Lodge Ceremony. You have to experience it to fully understand its fullness and depth.
The average-sized lodge is approximately eight feet by twelve feet. A group can build in a few hours and is also a part of the whole experience by doing so. Please remember it has and still can be made larger if need be, to accommodate older or disabled persons. To make the seating around the grandfathers (coals/rocks) easier to sit through the process. And accessing the lodge itself, remembering.. as with the standard size, one does have to crawl in on ones knees to access.
In the past, participants visited the sweat lodge prior to engaging in the Vision Quest, Sun Dance, and Spirit Calling Ceremonies. Traditional Native Americans held these main ceremonies to meet the spiritual needs of the tribe, group or individual. The sweat lodge prepared them for a higher, deeper plane or dimension. Before the Sun Dance, sun dance pledgers cleansed themselves physically and spiritually within the steamy mist of the sweat lodge. Then the Sun Dance chief or assisting holy man would conduct the Inipi in the early morning hours, before or while the sun rested on the horizon. Vision Questers would cleanse and prepare themselves in the sweat lodge before ascending a lonely hilltop or before the long climb to the top of Spirit Mountain (Bear Butte) in the Black Hills.
Today, however, the cleansing experience is fast becoming a major ceremony for those of all races, creeds, and nationalities who seek natural, nature based, Mother Earth based expression. Even among Native Americans, for whom it was once only a preparation, the sweat lodge experience is becoming a major ceremony, especially among Native Americans living in cities, who have limited access to other tribal ceremonies.
Once the lodge is covered and the ceremony is under way, the participants find a deep connection back into a past. A tribal closeness to the Natural Way unfolds like a budding blossom. A natural bonding begins within the misty, generative womb of Mother Earth. A bonding to one’s own concept of God, the Creator, and the created Mother, upon which we all thrive daily. The spiritual bond is likened to an attachment to Mother Earth as one sits within her warm womb. It can be a key function in the search for a spiritual link to God’s creation-nature, the environment.
I will do the next lesson on what is done at a sweat lodge ceremony and how one is usually conducted. Remembering they are not all done in the same way because of the different customs and beliefs of different tribes and nations.
